• The SMN and SMN promoters

  2023-07-26

  

  The SMN1 and SMN2 promoters are regulated by transcription factors such as E26 transformation-specific domain containing protein (ELK-1) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) 58, 59. Compared with WT animals, mice with SMA exhibit increased and decreased ELK-1 and CREB phosphorylation, re

• br Materials and methods br Results

  2023-07-26

  

  Materials and methods Results Discussion Endophilin A1 is a membrane-binding protein that is mainly distributed in the central nervous system (Giachino et al., 1997), localizes in the dendritic shafts and spines of mature neurons (Yang et al., 2015), and relates to the function and morpholo

• MSG model is well characterized and widely

  2023-07-26

  

  MSG model is well characterized and widely used because it is not influenced by dietary components and because it mimics a lesion in the arcuate nucleus and lateral hypothalamus that can occur in chronic obese patients (Moraes et al., 2009, Purkayasta and Cai, 2013). High fat fed diet is amongst the

• Further validation for a role in LOX pathway in mediating

  2023-07-26

  

  Further validation for a role in 12/15-LOX pathway in mediating adipocyte function comes from studies revealing a regulatory role of lipocalin-2 on 12/15-LOX activity. Lipocalin-2, a glycoprotein member of the lipocalin superfamily, is a novel abundant adipokine implicated in obesity-mediated inflam

• br Conclusions br Conflict of interest br Introduction Plant

  2023-07-26

  

  Conclusions Conflict of interest Introduction Plants often encounter a series of abiotic stresses during the growth process, including high salinity, extreme temperatures and drought (Knight and Knight, 2001). Plants can adapt through ionic and osmotic homeostasis or osmotic adjustment, con

• Many of the cellular processes regulated by

  2023-07-26

  

  Many of the cellular processes regulated by AKT activation are also controlled by other intracellular pathways such as the MAPK pathway, the PLCγ pathway, but also, directly or indirectly, by signaling pathways not linked to RTK transmembrane receptors, such as growth factor-linked signaling affecti

• Liver plays a pivotal role in metabolism

  2023-07-26

  

  Liver plays a pivotal role in metabolism of xenobiotic compounds, such as environmental contaminants and drugs. Some of these compounds generate hepatic damage and impair its function. It was well-known that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) could induce pathological changes in mouse and ra

• Control of retinal vascularization during development and OI

  2023-07-26

  

  Control of retinal vascularization during development and OIR likely involves close interactions among endothelial cells, neurons and glial 3230 (microglial and astrocytes) (see Fig. 2). In particular, the interaction between endothelial tip cells and astrocytes plays a critical role in developmenta

• Introduction The cytoskeleton allows cells to

  2023-07-26

  

  Introduction The cytoskeleton allows cells to establish, maintain and transform their shape. In neurons, these include cell differentiation, migration, polarization and development of their unique arborization. Axons are very thin (~1 μm), long (up to 1m) and highly branched (>95% of the plasma mem

• br Introduction ACK or Activated

  2023-07-26

  

  Introduction ACK1, or Activated Cdc42-Associated Kinase, located on chromosome 3q, is a ubiquitously expressed non-receptor tyrosine kinase cloned from a human Cy5.5 maleimide (non-sulfonated) cDNA library (Manser et al., 1993). It was first identified to bind to activated Cdc42, a small Ras GTP

• The hypothalamic pituitary adrenal HPA axis is a neuroendocr

  2023-07-26

  

  The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a neuroendocrine system that is central to regulating responses to stress (Palazidou, 2012). In older persons, a high dysfunction of the HPA axis is observed (Otte et al., 2005) which may be enhanced by stimulatory effects of genes involved in the axi

• Brain damage diseases such as cerebral ischemia

  2023-07-26

  

  Brain damage diseases, such as cerebral ischemia, brain trauma and infection are characterized by the increase in oxygen free radicals. Therefore, deeper understanding of the character and mechanism of free radical damage in the brain is important to ultimately relieve diseases and promote recovery

• Despite functional studies demonstrating the role of HT in

  2023-07-26

  

  Despite functional studies demonstrating the role of 5-HT in ureteral contractility, the source of endogenous 5-HT in the ureter is unclear. Since 5-HT-containing enterochromaffin cells, which are present in the gastrointestinal tract, could not be found in the ureter (Nocito et al., 2007, Ripoche,

• DLPC The reductase activity in patients with

  2023-07-25

  

  The 5α-reductase activity in patients with 21-OHD, as assessed by the 5α-THF to 5β-THF (ratio 3) and by the 5α-17HP to 17HP (ratio 4) ratios, showed a similar pattern of activities (Fig. 2A–C) and significant correlations (ratio 1 vs. ratio 3; rs=0.67; pDLPC to the 5α-reducase activity, the activity

• The uterine muscle also changes

  2023-07-25

  

  The uterine muscle also changes to meet the demands of pregnancy. Over the course of pregnancy, the myometrium undergoes structural remodeling to accommodate a growing fetus, followed by a functional switch from quiescent to contractile characteristics for parturition. Studies on the mouse model ind

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